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While I was contemplating all this,[a] a male goat[b] was coming from the west over the surface of all the land[c] without touching the ground. This goat had a conspicuous horn[d] between its eyes. It came to the two-horned ram that I had seen standing beside the canal and rushed against it with raging strength.[e] I saw it approaching the ram. It went into a fit of rage against the ram[f] and struck it[g] and broke off its two horns. The ram had no ability to resist it.[h] The goat hurled the ram[i] to the ground and trampled it. No one could deliver the ram from its power.[j]

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Footnotes

  1. Daniel 8:5 tn The words “all this” are added in the translation for stylistic reasons and for clarification.
  2. Daniel 8:5 tn Heb “and behold, a he-goat of the goats.”
  3. Daniel 8:5 tn Or “of the whole earth” (NAB, ASV, NASB, NRSV).
  4. Daniel 8:5 tn Heb “a horn of vision” [or “conspicuousness”], i.e., “a conspicuous horn,” one easily seen.
  5. Daniel 8:6 tn Heb “the wrath of its strength.”
  6. Daniel 8:7 tn Heb “him.”
  7. Daniel 8:7 tn Heb “the ram.”
  8. Daniel 8:7 tn Heb “stand before him.”
  9. Daniel 8:7 tn Heb “he hurled him.” The referents of both pronouns (the male goat and the ram) have been specified in the translation for clarity.
  10. Daniel 8:7 sn The goat of Daniel’s vision represents Greece; the large horn represents Alexander the Great. The ram stands for Media-Persia. Alexander’s rapid conquest of the Persians involved three battles of major significance that he won against overwhelming odds: Granicus (334 b.c.), Isus (333 b.c.), and Gaugemela (331 b.c.).